Integration of Energy Storage Systems with Electric Vehicle Charging Stations for Load Balancing

Abstract

The fast growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has created a surge in the demand of charging, which places strong pressure on the current power grids, with negative effects such as peak load stress, voltage variability, and low power quality. To overcome these challenges, the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) with EV charging infrastructure integration can be considered as a potential solution to effective load balancing and grid support. In this review article, the authors will give a critical discussion on ESS-integrated EV charging stations with a particular emphasis on system design, load balancing mechanisms, and performance optimization methods. The different types of ESS technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels are severely considered based on energy density, power capability, cost and ability to be used in EVs. The paper also examines traditional rule-based strategies, optimization strategies and advanced artificial intelligence-driven strategies of dynamic energy management. Power balance and state-of-charge dynamics that can be modeled mathematically are also discussed to give a theoretical basis of control strategies. Moreover, major challenges are also defined (high deployment costs, battery degradation, and system complexity) as well as new research trends (vehicle-to-grid integration and intelligent energy management frameworks). The lessons offered in this review will inform the design of effective, scalable, and sustainable EV charging infrastructure that can be composed of sophisticated energy storage solutions.